Astrophysics
Measuring the stars
A Star's Surface Temperature from Blackbody Radiation and Absorption Lines
Arranging Stars by Surface Temperature and Luminosity in the HR Diagram
Measuring the Distance to a Star with Annual Parallax and the Parsec
Magnitudes for the Brightness of Stars, the Distance Modulus and the Color Index
Finding the Mass of a Star from the Orbits of a Binary
Finding Planets Around Other Stars by Transits and Radial Velocity
Stellar structure and evolution
The Structure of a Star Maintained by Hydrostatic Equilibrium and Nuclear Fusion
Luminosity and Lifetime Set by Mass, and the Age of a Cluster from Its Turnoff
Star Formation from a Contracting Molecular Cloud to the Main Sequence
The End of a Star That Leaves a White Dwarf, a Neutron Star or a Black Hole
The Size of a Stellar Black Hole and How It Is Found
Elements and interstellar matter
Making the Elements in the Big Bang, in Stars and by Neutron Capture
Studying Interstellar Gas and Dust with Light and Radio Waves
The expanding universe
The Expansion of the Universe from Cepheid Variables and Redshift